Violent Video Games Increase Violent Behavior Essay -- Aggressive Beha

blood-red video halts have been known throughout the old age to take a powerful effect on young children and their aggression and psychological behaviors as they habitually play these types of games. There are many factors leading the federal governing body to believe that the gaming industry and retailers are not taking a strong enough precaution to prevent this type problem from occurring. Studies show that laboratories and guinea pig settings have proven that knock-down-and-drag-out video games cause increased aggressive behavior in children and young adults.Nothing is positive about the effects that violent video games have on children, but one positive factor has risen throughout the years. With all the tragedies and incidents involving the usage of violent video games by children, the fall in States Senate decided to take action. During a committee hearing, several researchers vouched for the negative effects violent video games were having on young children and young ad ults. Deadly school shootings same(p) Columbine have been a serious problem in the United States for many years. Researchers and psychologist say that the young adults that partook in the Columbine shooting that killed 13 mint and wounded 23 others before taking their own lives were habitual players of violent video games like Doom. Statistics show that many children between the ages of 8 and 18 years of age play video games or other types of media for 40 hours or more a week. (Rideout, Foehr, Roberts, and Brodie, 1999). Out of all the media used by children and young adults, goggle box is the most widely used. Even with TV being the choice recreational activity, video games are rapidly creeping in popularity. Console video game systems like XBOX and Playstation along with com... ...gical Science Agenda (2003). Violent Video Games, Myths, Facts, and Unanswered Questions. http//www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2003/10/anderson.aspxAnderson, A. Craig, & Bushman, J. Brad. Iowa State University (September 2001). General Article. Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Effect, Psychological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature, Vol. 12, No. 5. http//www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2000-2004/01ab.pdfSchwarzenegger, Arnold, & Morazzini, P. Zachary. (December 2010). Supreme address Debates. Is the California Ban on the Sale of Violent Video Games to Minors Constitutional?, Vol. 13, Issue 9, p15-26, 12p. http//mccclib.mccc.edu2084/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=96474c99-1f94-48f4-9d99-0c237e037f86%40sessionmgr111&vid=7&hid=123

Siddhartha Vs. A Dolls House Essay -- essays research papers

Though Siddhartha and A Dolls House office a completely different storyline, they are very much similar because of the development of the main characters throughout the two stories. Nora, from the play A Dolls House, changes her image after recognizing what kind of life she was living. Siddhartha, from the book Siddhartha, becomes aware that life cannot be taught, and that it had to be experienced first-hand. Both of the main characters seemed to have suddenly rouse from what I consider enslavement of the caput. I believe this because they are not free to think about things without the influence of their surrounding society. Nora notices that she is living her life in wretchedness at the end of the play, when she says, here is your ring back. Give me mine. (Act III) This quote displays Noras ambition to move on in life and free her mind from the interrogations brought to her from Torvald. Siddhartha reaches this awakening while he is young. He mentions to his father about leaving the house to join the teachings of the Samanas. He moved on again and began to walk rapidly and impatiently, no longer homewards, no longer to his father, no longer looking backwards. This quote shows that Siddhartha is ready to move on and leave the everyday society, and beliefs of his parents. These quotes convey the get off of these characters new beliefs. Nora, appearing as the ordinary housewife, really is not what she...

Evaluation of Soap :: Papers

Evaluation of Soap For this goo appellative I was supposed to make my bear soap. I was supposed to target it at different type of people. I was also supposed to make it as if it would be aired on TV. From this assignment I puzzle understood that target audience is when you target an audience of any develop that you choose. You would need to choose to target a specific age group or a group of people. I also think that the target audience is the most vital part of planning as you wouldnt stomach a script to write if you didnt have a target audience. I also think that you need to right the script for a specific audience. For my soap I have targeted people that are aged thirteen and above, but mainly teenagers and young adults would be watching. So I tried to make the audience broad so that I would be targeting everyone. I have targeted mainly teens and young adults as they would appeal to the main storylines. But there are other(a) storylines for e lder people. My soaps image would be very street. at that place would be a night club and would have a lot of thugs and litter on the streets. There would also be a chip shop and local newsagents. The houses will all be semi-detached and the houses will be very close together. The decisions which I make when deciding on the settings was that I lived in Birminghamand there was a place called the Broadway. I decided on the characters to be very formal and most of them had to have brummie accents. I also decided that there should be Asians, black and whites as Birminghamis a multicultural society. For the storylines I asked people what things they thought would appeal to them and how they would. I combine the peoples ideas and my ideas and came up with the storylines. When designing the front cover of my magazine I decided that it had to have a big impact on the readers.

The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties Essay -- Rights Freedom Essays

The Growing Threat To Civil Liberties The United States has long been respected for the principled thoroughness with which it has upheld the safe to freedom of speech embodied in the first amendment to the constitution. We owe part of our own freedom of speech to the Americans who have upheld freedom of speech on the profits against pressure from other countries who are angry that their citizens can call up forms of speech banned at home. The US consistently refuses to sign international agreements that would negate the purity of its own constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech. It is thus distressing to read in David Bernsteins excellent book how anti-discrimination laws are being used to overthrow civil liberties, such as the freedom of speech, in the very home of liberty itself. The US courts have in the past upheld freedom of speech, even where it tycoon seem to encourage crime or subversion, but they have allowed anti-discrimination laws to over-rule freedom of speech . Once again the drive for equality is revealed as the greatest enemy of respective(prenominal) freedom. One of the most striking examples of this is the substantial numbers of individuals who have been sacked (and also in consequence lost their medical care) because their employers lawyers were afraid that remarks that these individuals had make might lead to some other indignant and affronted employee suing the employer for allowing them to be subjected to a hostile work environment. A member of a legally favor minority might well then be awarded vast damages for some trivial remark. In consequence employers now even snoop on conversations and e-mails between two friendly consenting employees lest they contain a comment which might be unco... ...ights, but she was only awarded one dollar plus her costs. It sums up the priorities of PC AmSoc America. A trivial anti- discrimination claim is worth a million times as much as freedom of speech and expression. David Bernstein is to b e congratulated on so clearly, vividly, analytically and accurately showing seriousness of these new threats to free speech and civil liberties in the US. The Cato Institute also deserves credit for publish the book since in Bernsteins words authors who take politically incorrect positions . . . face a particularly difficult time finding publishers among leading lot presses (p. ix). Cato at least is still the land of the free and the home of the brave. You Cant Say That The Growing Threat To Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws Washington, DC Cato Institute, 180pp., ISBN 1 930 865 538, $20.00 (hb), 2003

Outsourcing :: Globalization essays, research papers

Introduction Outsourcing can be defined as a contract service agreement in which an organization hires out all or part of its company responsibilities to an external company. More and more companies are leaning towards outsourcing it could be said that this may be caused by the growing complexity of Companies and the changing business inescapably of an organization. As a result, an organization may find that it is not possible to have all its company services supplied from within its ingest company. Given this, a Company may decide to choose to seek assistance from an external contractor/company to supply their services the organization lacks. In addition, the business competition has set the pace for an organization to continue to strive for internal efficiency. It also needs to look for a way to transfer non-core activities or "in house" services and support activities to external specialist organizations who can deliver quality services at a lower cost. Fundamentals In deciding whether to use outsourcing or not, the main objective of outsourcing is based on the price of sales talk of services by an external contractor/company. Although price of delivery is a primary factor for outsourcing, other issues should be considered e.g. price should be measured against the overall package offered by the external contractor/company. Briefly if its a good competitive price in relation to the services rendered by the company and in respect to their skills/competency and experience, and timely delivery. The organization also needs to consider outsourcing in light of its long term strategic directions and its information needs. Competition is another area to be carefully considered. Competition opens up probability for all potential suppliers to conduct business with the organization. Through the competitive process, it allows organizations/Companies to derive the best outcome. From the open and effective competition, the organization is then able to judge exhaustively in determining the best strategy after it has taken into account of the competition and value for money principle.

Outsourcing :: Globalization essays, research papers

Introduction Outsourcing can be defined as a contract service agreement in which an physical composition hires egress all or part of its company responsibilities to an external company. More and more companies are leaning towards outsourcing it could be said that this may be caused by the growing complexity of Companies and the changing business needs of an organization. As a result, an organization may find that it is not possible to have all its company go supplied from within its own company. Given this, a Company may decide to choose to seek assistance from an external affirmer/company to supply their serve the organization lacks. In addition, the business competition has set the pace for an organization to continue to strive for internal efficiency. It also needs to look for a style to transfer non-core activities or "in house" services and support activities to external specialist organizations who can deliver quality services at a lour cost. Fundamentals In de ciding whether to use outsourcing or not, the main objective of outsourcing is based on the price of delivery of services by an external asserter/company. Although price of delivery is a primary factor for outsourcing, other issues should be considered e.g. price should be measured against the overall package offered by the external contractor/company. Briefly if its a good competitive price in relation to the services rendered by the company and in respect to their skills/competency and experience, and timely delivery. The organization also needs to consider outsourcing in light of its long term strategic directions and its information needs. challenger is another area to be carefully considered. Competition opens up opportunity for all potential suppliers to conduct business with the organization. Through the competitive process, it allows organizations/Companies to derive the best outcome. From the open and effective competition, the organization is then adequate to judge soun dly in determining the best strategy after it has taken into account of the competition and value for money principle.

1. Analyse Three Themes in the Novel Maru, Showing How These Themes Are Portrayed, How They Are Effective and How They Support Each Other as the Plot Progresses.

born(p) from a white mother and a black father, Bessie Head grew up in the early stages of Apartheid South Africa. In Maru she reflects upon her own experiences of contend, retirement and blemish. detriment spreads as 1 discriminates against another and creates false images. crawl in contradicts loneliness, which diminishes as the plot progresses. Prejudice affects love and promotes loneliness. Initially one may assume that prejudice is all between different races. However, Bessie Head displays tribal prejudice through, the expressions of disgust on the faces of the Batswana nurses as they wash the dead womans body for burial chamber (page 9-10).The nurses ar reluctant to wash the dead womans body because she was Masarwa. Masarwas be considered as, a low and filthy nation (page 8), because they have decided to control their hereditary ways of life and customs. They have thus been pushed to the margin of society, owned as slaves (page 19), by the authoritative and affluent chiefs of the connection. Being associated with Masarwa would infer that one stoops beat to their level. For this reason, Molekas love for Margargont is suppressed. He loves her but is not keen to sacrifice his status for her.By, sharing his plate of food and fork with one (page 51), he wishes to show the community that Masarwa are equal to Batswana and eradicate the belief that they are non-human. Moleka attempts to terminate prejudice immediately. He does not understand that, prejudice is like the skin of a snake. It has to be remote bit by bit (age 48). This metaphor illustrates to the reader that change occurs over a long period of time. According to Moleka, this plate sharing becomes a image for the emancipation of the Masarwas and qualifies Margaret to be his equal.Moleka is a hypocrite because he wants to change other peoples attitudes towards Masarwa but he is not willing to locomote gobble up the aisle with Margaret. His prejudicial demeanours compel him to quash his feelings towards her. This shows that love does not always have the power to overcome prejudice. In addition, Margaret is lonely. Similar to Bessie Head, Margaret feels lost because she is unwitting of where she belongs. Born a Masarwa but raised by an English woman,she is, unable to fit into a definition of something as narrow as a folk music or race or nation (page 11).Knowing which culture or group one belongs to defines a person. People discriminate against her because they do not know what she is. Margaret has no one to relate to. Nobody understands her. She lives in a village with magnitudes of people but in her heart she is alone. This is only until she encounters Moleka and experiences a, bang (page 26), in her heart. This onomatopoeia is significant in Margarets life because it symbolises the beginning of her journey. She has always lived as a recluse but from this point onwards she instigates a presence that cannot be ignored.For the first time, she feels outstanding because, She is in truth no longer lonely (page 26). Her relationship with Dikeledi is the closest Margaret comes to friendship. During her school career, Margaret is a brilliant, yet lonely student. The other students mock her by saying phrases such(prenominal) as, you are just a bushman (page 13). Prejudice, in this case causes loneliness. Bessie Head displays this throughout the novel. In Dilepe, Masarwa are slaves. When the news about Margaret being Masarwa spreads, she is ostracised by society because she is divinatory to be a slave.Moreover, Marus marriage to Margaret appears to overcome her solitude. However, she still feels lonely due to the fact that she is not married to her first love, Moleka. She withstands to embrace Maru because it is the only, alternative to the living oddment into which she has so unexpectedly fallen (page 120). Maru waits for the perfect moment, when Margaret loses her only companion and her first and only love, to propose marriage to her so t hat he appears to be her outflank option. He becomes her redeemer. Bessie Head uses the oxymoron, living death (page 120), to emphasize the severity of the situation Margaret finds herself in.It is so dreadful that it may be considered as fatal. She thinks that it is her decision to agree to marry Maru. Maru makes, people do everything he says they will (page 67). This brings into question whether he really loves Margaret or if he weds her in his attempt to conquer prejudice towards Masarwa. Maru realises that overcoming prejudice is a cognitive operation that requires cautious planning. Furthermore, after the marriage between Maru and Margaret takes place, a door silently opens on the small dark close-fitting room in which their souls had been closed(a) for a long time (page 122).This metaphor describes the change that occurs as Maru had expected. The Masarwas are slowly being freed from the oppression that they have been subjected to. Bessie Head uses imagery, small dark airle ss (page 122), to pose the reader an understanding of how the Masarwa suffer because of the Batswana. Love, loneliness and prejudice carry out a significant role in Margarets life. Bessie Head uses these terce themes to process to the reader that in order to triumph one has to work hard and be strong.Margarets, single abrupt tear from one eye (page 18), shows that she, too, is human. counterbalance though she is trained not to exhibit emotions her body unexpectedly displays her at moments when she is overwhelmed sensations that she does not understand nor come across before. In conclusion, where in that location is real love there is loneliness because and prejudice is one of the major entities that bring about loneliness in the novel. If there was no prejudice, there would have been fewer problems for everybody in the town. Love is the source of happiness.1.Analyse Three Themes in the Novel Maru, Showing How These Themes Are Portrayed, How They Are Effective and How They Suppo rt Each Other as the diagram Progresses.Born from a white mother and a black father, Bessie Head grew up in the early stages of Apartheid South Africa. In Maru she reflects upon her own experiences of love, loneliness and prejudice. Prejudice spreads as one discriminates against another and creates false images. Love contradicts loneliness, which diminishes as the plot progresses. Prejudice affects love and promotes loneliness. Initially one may assume that prejudice is only between different races. However, Bessie Head displays tribal prejudice through, the expressions of disgust on the faces of the Batswana nurses as they wash the dead womans body for burial (page 9-10).The nurses are reluctant to wash the dead womans body because she was Masarwa. Masarwas are considered as, a low and filthy nation (page 8), because they have decided to sustain their ancestral ways of life and customs. They have thus been pushed to the margin of society, owned as slaves (page 19), by the authorit ative and affluent chiefs of the community. Being associated with Masarwa would infer that one stoops down to their level. For this reason, Molekas love for Margaret is suppressed. He loves her but is not keen to sacrifice his status for her.By, sharing his plate of food and fork with one (page 51), he wishes to show the community that Masarwa are equal to Batswana and eradicate the belief that they are non-human. Moleka attempts to terminate prejudice immediately. He does not understand that, prejudice is like the skin of a snake. It has to be removed bit by bit (age 48). This metaphor illustrates to the reader that change occurs over a long period of time. According to Moleka, this plate sharing becomes a symbol for the emancipation of the Masarwas and qualifies Margaret to be his equal.Moleka is a hypocrite because he wants to change other peoples attitudes towards Masarwa but he is not willing to walk down the aisle with Margaret. His prejudicial demeanours compel him to quash h is feelings towards her. This shows that love does not always have the power to overcome prejudice. In addition, Margaret is lonely. Similar to Bessie Head, Margaret feels lost because she is unaware of where she belongs. Born a Masarwa but raised by an English woman,she is, unable to fit into a definition of something as narrow as a tribe or race or nation (page 11).Knowing which culture or group one belongs to defines a person. People discriminate against her because they do not know what she is. Margaret has no one to relate to. Nobody understands her. She lives in a village with magnitudes of people but in her heart she is alone. This is only until she encounters Moleka and experiences a, bang (page 26), in her heart. This onomatopoeia is significant in Margarets life because it symbolises the beginning of her journey. She has always lived as a recluse but from this point onwards she instigates a presence that cannot be ignored.For the first time, she feels important because, S he is really no longer lonely (page 26). Her relationship with Dikeledi is the closest Margaret comes to friendship. During her school career, Margaret is a brilliant, yet lonely student. The other students mock her by saying phrases such as, you are just a bushman (page 13). Prejudice, in this case causes loneliness. Bessie Head displays this throughout the novel. In Dilepe, Masarwa are slaves. When the news about Margaret being Masarwa spreads, she is ostracised by society because she is supposed to be a slave.Moreover, Marus marriage to Margaret appears to overcome her solitude. However, she still feels lonely due to the fact that she is not married to her first love, Moleka. She agrees to marry Maru because it is the only, alternative to the living death into which she has so unexpectedly fallen (page 120). Maru waits for the perfect moment, when Margaret loses her only companion and her first and only love, to propose marriage to her so that he appears to be her best option. He becomes her redeemer. Bessie Head uses the oxymoron, living death (page 120), to emphasize the severity of the situation Margaret finds herself in.It is so dreadful that it may be considered as fatal. She thinks that it is her decision to agree to marry Maru. Maru makes, people do everything he says they will (page 67). This brings into question whether he really loves Margaret or if he weds her in his attempt to conquer prejudice towards Masarwa. Maru realises that overcoming prejudice is a process that requires cautious planning. Furthermore, after the marriage between Maru and Margaret takes place, a door silently opens on the small dark airless room in which their souls had been shut for a long time (page 122).This metaphor describes the change that occurs as Maru had expected. The Masarwas are slowly being freed from the oppression that they have been subjected to. Bessie Head uses imagery, small dark airless (page 122), to give the reader an understanding of how the Masarwa s uffer because of the Batswana. Love, loneliness and prejudice carry out a significant role in Margarets life. Bessie Head uses these three themes to demonstrate to the reader that in order to triumph one has to work hard and be strong.Margarets, single abrupt tear from one eye (page 18), shows that she, too, is human. Even though she is trained not to exhibit emotions her body unexpectedly displays her at moments when she is overwhelmed sensations that she does not understand nor come across before. In conclusion, where there is real love there is loneliness because and prejudice is one of the major entities that bring about loneliness in the novel. If there was no prejudice, there would have been fewer problems for everybody in the town. Love is the source of happiness.

Contrast: Primary School Essay

My primary check was in a smallish colony, just half a kilometre away from my house. I had left my village to study in Ho Chi Minh City for a long time. Last summer, I came back to the village to visit my primary school. It substantially changed. I realized that there are differences and similarities between my primary school in the past and now. I still remembered my commencement day at school. My father led me to school. In front of me, two green pines rows were very luxuriant.Especially, I was impressed by large and beautiful schools gate. It was painted in blueand the large of words Vo Thi Sau primary school in white set off the signs plate of school. Moreover, it was decorated with prismatic flags. My school was small, simple and lack of basic facilities. It became difficult to accommodate all students in the ten classrooms. In addition, all of classrooms were made by wood that wasnt safety. Besides, the narrow space of school was not enough for eating or reading books. F or example, because of not having canteen I must eat snack or even junk food at the store around the sidewalks.Furthermore, quality of drinking water andtoilets facilities were not adapt to students health. My school potassium was an open area next to my school building for playing and outdoor activities. It was narrow because on its surface was a lot of the weeds, and bushes. It was not covered by cements, but there were sand and little rocks. Although it was not large space, children can play together, interact and communicate. I had not visited my primary school for more than 14 years. Now I walk along the street leads to that school, and I am still impressed by schools gate. There is no considerably change on school gate.It was made by stone, and it is still exactly the same as the past. Moreover, schools gate still includes white roll Vo Thi Sau primary school on the blue background. In addition, there are two lines of pine beside two sides of the schools gate. It is as green as grass and so fresh. After that, I walk into the school and I realize that my school significantly changed. As I remember, my primary school was small and simple. Today, it is a new and modern building with unique design. For instance, there are forty classrooms and two labs. Furthermore, it also has a libraryand a canteen. Those classrooms are outfit with iron boards, projectors and ceiling fans. Besides, desks and chairs are repainted, so I cant recognize my old classroom anymore. Additionally, library and lab has more useful books and equipment that dish up students needs. On the other hand, one thing changed that attracts me is school yard. Instead of stone and gravel, it is covered with concrete. Thanks to that, it looks more beautiful and luxury. In the campus, umteen plants and flowers are planted. Because of that, the school looks clean, green and the atmosphere is fresher.Around the school yard, it is arranged with a lot of benches. Those benches are useful for studen ts in the break time. In conclusion, for a long time I had left, my primary school has a more changed. If in the past my primary school was old, lack of facilities, small buildings, now it is a modern and spacious school. Although my primary school changed so much, it is always in my mind where I learned everything when I was a little child.

Ha Jin Book Reflection

The book begins with the main(prenominal) character (Shao bin) existence introduced. From there, we start to learn about his life as a worker and how he wants to upgrade his living situation for him and his wife. When his request is denied, he decides to do something about it. He uses calligraphy as a form of propaganda. When one of his drawings ends up in a news programpaper, things start to go south. The people who are in charge of stack away and the other workers (Director Ma and Liu) find out about it and publicly abase him. To counter their attack, store accuses one of them of having an affair with a woman who he saw in their office.This fires everyone up and madness ensues. I feel like the issues being discussed in this book are very important, but the contents of this book are not very exciting. The attention-grabbing moments are few and far between, which is unfortunate because theyre what I look for when Im reading a book. Overall, this novel is quite dull. I find Jins style of writing a bit underwhelming and I wish that he didnt include the unnecessarily boring parts in the novel much(prenominal) as descriptions of meals that Bin enjoys. The main cornerstone that I noticed during the first section of In the Pond is an opposition to corrupt Chinese ways.Ha Jin uses the character Shao Bin to allow up and fight for what he thinks is dependable. There were several parts of this section that stuck out to me. Here are a few examples Even though he couldnt correct the leaders wrongdoing, he wanted to teach them an unforgettable lesson and show them that he wouldnt swallow an offense. But what should he do? He remembered that the materialistic thinker Wang Chong of the Han Dynasty had utter something about punishing the abhorrence with the writing brush. This is where the whole book basically begins. It is the time when Shao Bin gets the inspiration to stick up for himself.Who are the masters of this name? The workers or the two corrupt leaders ? Where is their communist conscience? (Page 22) When reading In the Pond, this part of Bins letter stuck out to me because he rightfully questioned his conditions alternatively of staying miserable. This is as well a part of the theme, which becomes rather evident during this passage. The workers heard of Bins disrupting the election, and they were impressed. They had taken him for a mere bookworm, but all of a sudden he had emerged as a man of both strategy and action. Naturally some young workers shook hands with him. (Page 47)I appreciated the fact that Bins coworkers stood by him and supported him instead of simply shying away and ignoring their problems. The whole incident made them gain respect for Shao Bin which is really unique because if I were in their shoes, I would probably to avoid conflict by simply ignoring the whole ordeal. PART 2 This section starts out with Bin going to gurgle to Director Ma. When he gets to his office, Liu is there and denies his request for a promotion, stating that he would rather let Bins talents rot. This infuriates Shao and he storms out.Later on, he meets Yen who he like a shot befriends over discussions of art. Yen is an amateur, but they still bond and gain mutual respect for each other. Yen then talks to the leaders and asks them to be kinder to Bin. afterward this, the leaders tell Shao to look for a job elsewhere because they intend on firing him. Yen finds out what happened and is infuriated. Bin then gets a letter from Gold Countys Cultural Center which states that they would like to utilize his talents for a year. He accepts and starts the job transfer after getting into a fight with the directors.Later on, Bin signs up for exams and is scoffed at by Liu and Ma. He takes the series of tests at a middle school. Promptly after theyre over, Bins wife shows him a letter from a professor who loved his work. Following a long period of dull events, another scandal emerges after Liu is bitten in the butt by Bin. The attack was provoked, but still Shao got the short end of the stick and was treated badly afterwards. The central theme is still clear during this section. Bin tries to fight the decadency that he witnesses daily.He uses calligraphy as a powerful tool against it This book has really opened my eyes to the communism in China. It inspired me to read farther into it and what I aim found has shocked me. Though I still dont really enjoy In the Pond, I have versed quite a bit from it. The passages that stuck out to me in section 2 Do not worry about having no friend on the pathway under heaven who has not heard of your name? (Page 68) This part stood out not because of its relevance to the story, but because of the way that the author constructed the dialogue.I found it interesting that instead of simply saying who hasnt heard of your name? he said Under heaven who has not heard of your name? I appreciated the suaveness of this part. Bin couldnt help smiling his tears fell on t he thin paper. Theyre going to accept me. He-he-he, they accept me he cried out, and held his wife up by the waist, swinging her around. One of her flying heels scraped Shanshans shoulder and knocked her down. (Page 87) This joyous occasion was a highlight of section 2. It was nice for Shao Bin to finally have something positive happen to him.The photograph taken, Liu buckled up his pants and followed Jia out of the studio. The girl looked at him with a knowing smirk on her face, her eyes rolling. Liu smiled back, then off-key to the photographer. Old Jia, can you make it express? I need five work outs as soon as possible. (Page 97) The fact that Director Liu actually went and had a picture of his butt taken was a bit too much. Part 3 The last part of the book moves pretty fast. Liu is accused of having a relationship with Nina and Bin begins to respect Song less because of the way he handled a painting.Songs report came out soon after and Bin was satisfied with the finished pr oduct. I feel section 3 of the book is full of a lot of pointless anecdotes, but in the end the novel wasnt that bad. It had its moments of excitement, but it also had its moments of boring nonsense. I would give In the Pond a solid 6. In the end, I was relieved to have finished the novel for legion(predicate) an(prenominal) reasons. For one, the terminal was pretty great. Also, the book dragged a lot and I felt bored intimately of the time. The passages that I felt were importantAgainst the current you must punt elusive one stroke skipped, you fall back many a yard. The ancients said every minute was gold So, cherish your time and have it controlled. (Page 162) Shao Bin remembers this meter about the methodology of study after he struggles with his art. I feel like this poem is quite inspirational, which is the reason it stood out to me. It basically tells the reader to wear life to the fullest. After biting his fingertips for a few moments, he decided to engrave Tu Fus lin e Your brush writes, raising wind and rain. It seemed no language were more appropriate as a compliment to Jiangs uncle. (Page 140) This part is taken from when Bin is trying to decide what to carve onto the jade stone for Jiangs uncle. This quotation is inspiring. It states that you have the ability to change things that you arent happy with. The theme is very evident in this passage. On his way to the Commune Administration, he couldnt resist smiling and whistling. In the sky a flock of geese were drifting south and gradually merging into the cotton clouds. Joyously Bin stretched up his right arm, as if he too had wings. (Page 178)This was a great way to end the book. By comparing Bins freedom to the flight of a bird, Jin successfully tied up the story and left me satisfied with the end. Reilly Davidson August 2, 2013 Summer Reading 2013 In the Pond by Ha Jin Honors Assignment In China, for most of the population, these fault lines the immediate causes of public dissatisfaction relate not only to vague yearnings for democracy but, more importantly, to profound economic frustrations and disgust over social inequities and corruption. (Nicholas D. Kristof of The parvenu York Times).This was taken from an article about the rebellion against Chinese leaders in 1989. It is applicable to the central theme expressed in both the novel and this news article. Its an opposition to some form of Chinese ruling. In both situations, those who were against it took a stand and fought for what is/was right. The New York Times published a story many years ago entitled CHINA ERUPTS THE REASON WHY. Its basically about the people of China who were thirsty for change in the squinch of 1989. There were many rebels who stuck up for the cause that they placed great importance on.but galvanizing all of China with their threat to kill themselves rather than dwell without democracy (excerpt from the article). This passage was important because it clearly states how important it w as for the rebels to fight for their beliefs. Ha Jin attempts to share his thoughts about Chinese control by writing In the Pond. The main character (Shao Bin) was basically a tool to bring about the questions of What would happen if we all stood up for what we believe in? and How can we take a stand for justice? He addresses these two points within the first ten pages. the true scholars brush must encourage good and warn against evil (Page 8) This passage from the novel was a quote from Wang Chong, who I believe was a Chinese philosopher during the Han Dynasty. Its an amazing idea to start the book off with such powerful words. Ha Jin included this as an important inspiration for the character Shao Bin. It leads him to speak out against the unjust ways of his supervisors. As an artist and scholar I ought to expose those corrupt leaders A good piece of work should be as lethal as a dagger to evildoers. These words elicit Bin throughout the replete(p) novel. They are the match t hat lights the flame.Jin tactfully placed them in the beginning as a form of foreshadowing the theme of the entire novel. The theme that also applies to the aforementioned news article. Both pieces of literature address topics of sticking up for oneself and not letting dreams get crushed because of societys ways. This theme is incredibly important and can be learned from in future situations. All in all, it is pretty evident that there are many people who feel that the situation with the democracy in China is unsatisfactory. The theme in both the news article and In the Pond is clear and is obviously something good to learn from.

How to Deal with Stress

HOW TO DEAL WITH STRESS? Stress is the natural strain which we feel when we have to cope with difficult, harsh or dangerous situations. We cant completely remove it from our lives but we can learn how to deal with it. There is a lot of techniques to cope with striving starting with relaxing massages and ending with yoga. But the most helpful are these methods which are simple, possible to do by everyone and easy to remember. To achieve success in the fight with stress we should remember about a few simple things 1) Be well prepared and well organized to your task ) Be certified of your choices you always have choice, think about it and decide what to do 3) Stop worrying about things that you cannot change 4) Take a deep br tuckerh and experience that you have the power to control your life 5) Do not expect perfectionism from yourself, sometimes no matter how hard you try, some things are just hopeless 6) Dont take things too seriously, give yourself a chance to have a little bi t of fun 7) Use a decreed self talk, repeat to yourself I can handle this, I will manage, I am the best 8) Chew gum it is proved that the action of manduction can reduce stress. ) Get enough sunlight 10) Treat your body right you will have more self-confidence and energy. Follow a sensible diet, eat a healthy breakfast, drink a lot of water, dont drink too much coffee because caffeine is known to lift stress levels. Beware also of junk food. Get fit exercise a little every day. This release endorphins that can lower stress levels, eat chocolate because it release endorphins too. The most important get enough sleep. If your life is too fast, slow down, take a rest. Remember that you are a unusual individual, worthy of love and stress is just a temporary feeling .

An Analysis Of Water Distillation Environmental Sciences Essay

wet is a tasteless, odorless, and about colorless ( it has a little intimation of blue ) affectionateness in its pure signifier that is indispensable to all known signifiers of life and is known anyways as the most cosmopolitan dissolver. Water is an abundant centerfield on Earth. It exists in many topographic vertexs and signifiers. It appears largely in the oceans and polar ice caps, but besides as clouds, rain piddle, rivers, fresh water aquifers, and ocean ice. On the planet, water is continuously traveling through the rhythm affecting vaporization, precipitation, and overflow to the sea.Water tantrum for human ingestion is called drinkable H2O. This natural pick is going scarcer in certain topographic points as human population in those topographic points additions, and its handiness is a major societal and economic concern.2.2. DISTILLED WaterDistilled H2O is purified H2O which is prepared by the military operation of distillment. In this procedure, H2O is heated till it is converted to move or vapor, dividing all the fork up drosss. The vapour obtained is condensed back to its liquid signifier and is known as distilled H2O..Fig-3-Making-Distilled-Water-in-the-LaboratoryProperties of Distilled H2OBecause of its comparative pureness, some of the belongingss of distilled H2O are signifi chiffoniertly different from those of the H2O most bulk consume and use in mundane life.A potentially unsafe belongings of distilled H2O is that it female genitalia be heated above its stewing point without demoing the normal features of boiling, called superheating. When the superheated H2O is disturbed or has drosss added to it, a sudden, explosive furuncle occurs, perchance doing serious hurt to anyone near it.Temperature00 CDensity ( & A Atilde -1000 Kg/m3 )1Viscosity1.79 x 10-3Kinematic Viscosity1.79 x 10-6Surface tenseness ( N/m )7.56 x 10-6Bulk modulus1.99Preparation of Distilled WaterThe quality or status and pureness of distilled H2O depends the thr ee chief factorsThe H2OThe setup apply for distillmentThe method employed.The chief trouble in transporting out the functioning of condensing the H2O on an extended graduated table is the subsequent mantleing and the cost of distilling.WaterA pure good or spring-water, filtered, is the take up to fix distilled H2O from. Rain-water, beingness by and large good loaded with organic affair and ammonium hydroxide, would interfere with the pureness of the distillment.Boiled H2O can be utilise for distillment. Boiling would drive off about the last hint of ammonium hydroxide. Odorous, colored or cloudy H2O furnishes an impure distillation that might even acquire a charred gustatory sensation if distilled over a free fire. Ammonia is found subdivisionicularly in the first part of the distillation.Distillation setupEarly distillment equipment was really simple in design a pot of undrinkable H2O ( or H2O change for a ceremonial, commercial, or medical intent ) would be heated over a n unfastened fire until it boiled, organizing locomote. The steam clean would so distill on a chill it surface suspended above the pot. The condensed H2O droplets would so run off into a storage container for future engagement.dist-fg1Alternatively, sponges could be suspended above the pot to axial rotation up the treated H2O. While such systems were comparatively inefficient, it tended to be rather equal for the limited H2O intervention demands of the clip.The efficiency of the distillment procedure began to have betterments as distillment was adapted to commercially polish many different liquids such as intoxicant, aroma, crude oil, and assorted dissolvers.Finally, population demands have strained H2O resources in the twentieth century to the point where expeditiously handling otherwise undrinkable beginnings of H2O for human ingestion is progressively of import.fig11-1Principle of DistillationThe procedure of condensing H2O is a method of purification affecting heat. Water has comparatively lower boiling point than the bulk of drosss, such as minerals. By maintaining the heat at a consistent temperature, the H2O vaporizes and is separated from the unsought elements.The stairss involved in distillment of H2O areHeating of H2O withdrawal of H2O vapour from drosssCondensation of the H2O vapourThe unwanted elements include minerals and salts, which remain in the container after the H2O evaporates, are collected and discarded. Typically the distillment procedure is repeated at least one more clip to thoroughly purify the H2O.2.3. TYPES OF Distillation in that respect are two types of distillment sign of the zodiac distillment mercantile distillmentHousehold distillmentSingle-effect distillersThe most common type of family and commercial distiller available is a basic, single-effect distiller. These distillers can be either potful distillers, where a mensural measure of H2O is manually poured in, distilled, and collected or plumbed distillers that automa tically treat and maintain a changeless supply of imbibing H2O. working(a)In a single-effect distiller, a warming component heats the H2O until it boils and finally becomes steam. The steam is so drawn off from the boiling sleeping accommodation, where it cools distilling into extremely treated distilled H2O. The contaminations in the original H2O are left behind in the boiling chamber.The condensation procedure is accomplished by utilizing air or H2O to chill the steam. Water droplets condense on the interior of the conic dome, and run down for aggregation in a trickle pan. With some water-cooled systems, a part of the heat lost as the steam is cooled and condensed can be reclaimed by imparting the heated chilling H2O into the boiling chamber. It is so replaced with fresh, cool H2O.braunschweig_05Advantages of Single-effect distillersSimple in design, cheap, and effectual.They are less efficient in energy usageRelatively compact counter top or stand-alone units for usage in the ki tchen or office.DisadvantagesEven though the distillment procedure is effectual, pesticides and contaminations like volatile organic compounds convert into vapor readily, and can go with the steam our of the boiling chamber.Care of distillment unitDistillation units do necessitate some care, which normally involves run outing off the concentrated deposit and other contaminations that store at the underside of the boiling chamber. The walls of the chamber may besides necessitate to be cleaned of hard-water graduated table and other deposit that can roll up. The necessitate sum of cleaning depends greatly upon the initial quality of H2O used. Very difficult H2O can bring forth heavy grading in a comparatively short period of clip. If soft H2O is used, cleaning troubles should be minimum. The C pre- and post-filters must be changed sporadically every bit good.Commercial distillmentCommercial distillment units provide distilled H2O for industries and distilleries. They provide from fe w to 1000000s of gallons of distilled H2O per twenty-four hours.The two chief types of commercial distillers areMultiple tack distillerVapor-compression distillerMultiple Effect distillersMultiple Effect distillers provide from 75 to 1000000s of gallons per twenty-four hours.These units typically contain a figure of boiling Chamberss, with the first chamber being under increased force per unit area, and consecutive Chamberss holding increasingly diminishing force per unit area.The steam created in the first hard-hitting chamber is superheated.The superheated steam moves through tubings environing each of the wining boiling ChamberssAs the steam moves it besides vaporizes some of the lower-pressure H2O in each chamber.The vapour is so condensed into distilled H2O, as is the superheated steam when all of its heat energy is exchanged.Vapor-compression distillerA fluctuation of the multiple-effect distiller construct is the vapor-compression distiller, which is typically used in commer cial applications necessitating between 25 and 5000 gallons per twenty-four hours.Vapor-compression H2O distillers besides use high-pressure, superheated steam to boil H2O nevertheless, they merely use a individual chamber.The H2O in the boiling chamber is ab initio converted to steam at normal force per unit areas and temperatures by an electric or gas warming component.The steam so passes through an electric compressor the compaction causes it to go superheated.The superheated steam is so directed through tubings back into the boiling chamber, where it finally takes over the boiling procedure, distilling into distilled H2O as the heat transportation occurs. some(prenominal) multi-stage and vapor-compression distillers can integrate assorted signifiers of filtration to do a loosely effectual intervention system. These systems can supply H2O for such utilizations as commercial H2O bottling. Both systems besides require H2O that is softened to be practical, to forestall enfeebling scaling with attendant heat transportation losingss and care costs.At the municipal degree, some(prenominal) multi-stage and vapor-compression distillment can supply big measures of distilled H2O for imbibing usage, and are particularly used in condensing saltwater for usage in arid countries adjacent to the oceans.Uses of distilled H2OUsed in chemical workss where an exact quality of H2O is required, such as for make fulling up wet-cell batteries, development of photographic movies, steam ironingUsed to fix endovenous solution fabrication and dilution.Its usage is besides recommended while doing baby nutrients because babes are really sensitive to H2O borne diseases.It is used in assorted industries and chemical and biological research labs where extremely purified H2O is indispensable. Sometimes, in instances where an exceptionally high grade of purified H2O is required, dual distilled H2O is used.It is used as coolant in atomic powered ships. Here, saltwater is desalinated thro ugh the procedure of distillment. This H2O is besides used by the crews of the ships for imbibing.It is used for doing assorted drinks by many drink makers to determine a high quality merchandise in footings of both gustatory sensation every bit good as pureness. incline acid batteries used in vehicles like autos and trucks require a top-up of H2O at regular intervals of clip. Presence of assorted ions in field tap H2O can do harm to the battery and lead to decrease in its lifetime.It is frequently preferred to tap H2O in automotive chilling systems excessively. This is because the ions and minerals present in tap H2O are normally caustic in nature and tend to pass over out the anti-corrosive additives present in the radiator.It is glorious for tegument as it is barren of any harmful dissolved substances, and helps in barricading of microscopic pores on facial tegument.It is used during surgical processs where clean H2O is a must to forestall any sort of infection. For the really s ame ground, it is besides used to rinse and clean lesions.2.3. StorageDistillation does non vouch the absence of bacteriums in imbibing H2O, unless the reservoir and/or bottle are sterilized before being filled, and one time the bottle has been opened, there is a hazard of front man of bacteriums. Further if the distilled H2O is non stored in a proper mode it will absorb elements from the ambiance like C dioxide etc. Besides the stuff in which the distilled H2O is stored must be taken attention and the most preferred stuff is glass as it has had several centuries of proving for the storage of distilled H2O for which the result has been positive. There are assorted storage containers besides available for the storage of distilled H2O.

The Tequesta Tribe

The Tequesta was a small, peaceful native American tribe. They were the first tribe in south Florida and they lived in Biscayne bay which is now present day Miami dade county and fractional of Broward county they also had some small island in the Miami keys. They built many villages at the mouth of the Miami River and along the coastal islands. The chief lived in the main village at the mouth of the Miami River. The Tequesta lived in Huts. like many other tribes in Florida the houses were built with wooden posts, raised floors, and roofs thatched with palmetto leaves. uring the year the main village relocated to barrier islands or to the Florida Keys during mosquito season which lasted to the highest degree three months. They wore light clothing The men wore a sort of loincloth made from deer hide while the women wore skirts of spainsh or sic fibers hanging from a belt. The Tequesta native American tribe were hunters and gatherers. They relied chiefly on fish, shellfish, nuts, an d berries for food. The men caught sharks, sailfish, sea cows which is a manatee. TheTequesta men also consumed cassina known by the black drink which drunk on important rituals. while the women and children gathered clams, conchs, oysters, and turtle eggs in the shallow waters. The manatee was considered a delicacy and served mainly to the chiefs and other important leaders. In the Everglades, they hunted bear, deer, wild boar, and small mammals. The Tequesta used shells and sharks teeth for a variety of tools. These included hammers, chisels, fishhooks, drinking cups, and spearheads.Sharks teeth were used to compartmentalize out logs to make canoes The Tequesta language may have been closely related to the language of the calusa of the southwest Florida coast and the Mayamis who lived around lake okeechobee in the middle of the lower Florida peninsula. The Tequesta were at one time thought to be related to the Taino, the Arawakin people of the Antilles. The Tequestas had many we ird customs such as when they bury their chiefs, they buryed the small cram with the body and put the large bones in a box for the village people to adore and hold as heir gods. They also stripped the flesh from the bone, burned the flesh and then gave the cleaned bones to the dead chiefs relatives, with the larger bones going to the closest person. The miami encircle is the site of a known Tequesta village south of the mouth of the Miami River . Ithas of 24 large holes or basins, and many smaller holes, which have been cut into bedrock. Together these holes form a circle approximately 38 feet in diameter. Other arrangements of holes are apparent as well.The Circle was spy during an archeological survey of a site being cleared for construction of a high-rise building. Charcoal samples collected in the circle have been radiocarbon dated to approximately 1,900 years ago. The tequesta were second in power among the small tribes of Floridas southeast coast. To the northwere the Jeaga and Jobe, and to the west and southwest were the powerful Calusa. match to historians of the early 20th century the chief of the Tequesta was related to the chief of the Calusa.The first record of European contact with the Tequesta was in 1513, by Juan Ponce de Leon when he discovered floridas coast. During the 1500s, Europeans began arriving in Florida. At first the Tequesta did not welcome these new visitors. But before long, the Europeans won their friendship by bribing them by bringing gifts of colored cloth, knives, and rum. The Tequesta numbered about 800, but they started to die out as a result of settlement battles, slavery, and disease. By the 1800s the Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors.

Discuss the Role of the Supervisor in Organizational Planning

Course Title Supervisory Management Submission interpret 22 October 2012 One Stop Production Companys Report TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of the Case3 Statement of the Problem4 Core Problem4 Satellite Problems6 Recommendations 16 level-headed Assumptions19 Bibliography 20 Summary of the caseOne Stop Production is a garment manufacturer specializing in the work of school uniforms. Ms. Susan Holford sh atomic number 18d the management of the blood with her father Mr. Amos Holford every last(predicate) over the past two years and will assume full responsibility for leadership of the company upon his retirement. She has a team of supervisors whose length of tenure with the art exceeds her profess involvement with One Stop Production, and in general employees have performed the same functions from the business inception. The leadership styles of Susan and her father differ drastically.Motivated by her intention to manage the business in a antithetic manner than her father, Susan is overwhelmed by the difficulties facing her particularly the declining production and sales figures, and what she views as the refusal of the employees to improve production levels. This report outlines the challenges facing the business and its novel manager Susan. It will first summarize the existing problems, and then establish specifically the loading problem and satellite problems that exist where necessary liable assumptions will be drawn and supported by evidence from the business.The report will then provide recommendations that will empower Susan, as leader, to chart the coming(prenominal) course of the make-up. This will be followed by a conclusion that unifies the various elements of the report. STATEMENT OF THE Problem Within different organizations ace will find change organizational structures and environments which contribute to the overall organizational culture. Entwined in here are the management and leadership styles, values and beliefs that exist within th e organization.As this case analysis was exhaustively investigated, we discovered that the One Stop Production Company had some major problems (Please refer to Exhibit 1. 0). After careful consideration and collaboration it has been established that the core problem which hinders the success of the company is Ineffective leadinghip and Organization Management. Whilst the satellite problems include ? Poor Organizational Structure ?Poor Management * No Clear Goals ?Ineffective Communication CORE PROBLEM Ineffective Leadership In this company, we will examine the leadership skills within the organisation.A leaders utilization is to set the direction for establishing a clear vision by taking risks, sharing and communicating the vision with others so that they will follow willingly. It also includes motivation and inspiring cater by expanding energy through producing change, aligning contingencies by bringing everyone together and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. (www. businessdictionary. com) The art of getting employees together on a common platform and extracting the best out of them refers to effective organisation management. (www. managementstudyguide. com) SATELLITE PROBLEMSPoor Organisational Structure An organisational structure defines how job tasks are officially divided grouped and coordinated (Robbins & Judge 2010, p. 488). Within the One Stop Production Company the organizational structure was non clearly defined which ofttimes resulted in conflicts due to mixed instructions. Mr. Holford, although delegating the majority of functions and running of the operation to his supervisors, still constantly moved around giving random instructions to different employees regardless of department. Ms. Holford wants to restructure the organization having utilizations and job functions clearly defined.In addition she intends to appoint specific supervisors to specific departments which would define the levels of authorit y Line or functional allowing two employees ad superiors to know who was responsible for what. Poor Management Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively (Robbins & Coulter p. 6). Ms. Holford neer found the time to pursue management because her father had left the management of all three areas of the organization largely up to her Ms.Holford exhibits a type of exacting style of management and does not corporate trust the knowledge of the staff. This lack of trust has resulted in her inability to select specific supervisors to specific department. She has very good ideas and intentions for the organization however a lack of management training proves to be a major deficiency. She does not have the co-operation of the workers and as a result her suggestions are not acted on. Ms. Holford believes the selection of a manager to run things for her is imperative however she does not kn ow how to go about this process.Ineffective Communication Communication is the transfer and understanding of meaning. It serves foursome major functions within a group or organization control, motivation, emotional expression and information. As seen in this case the flow of communication serves one master(prenominal) purpose and that is control. Employees are made aware of Ms. Holfords suggestions and intentions at meetings however there appears to be no facility for feedback or input from the employees. The lack of trust in the workers knowledge results in a one way flow of communication. No Clear Goals / Targets The goals of the organization have not been clearly defined and relayed to the workers. The levels of production and sales which are being sought have not been laid out to the workers. RECOMMENDATIONS * Management and Leadership training for Ms. Susan Holford. This is very important so as to develop within her the skills which are necessary for her to manage the organi zation as well the workers. Leadership & Learning are indispensible to each other. It is known that effective Leaders are not always born but kindle be trained. Hire a Human Resources Manager Human resource managers have a key role to play to help a company achieve its objectives and run effectively. HR managers assist employees with matters relating to their employment andalso help employees with questions regarding health amends and other benefits. Hiring and firing employees are both important functions performed by thehumanresources department because there are certain procedures to be followed. However, a crucialroleofhumanresourcesis to work closely with upper management as well as the staff to ensure positive company relations at all times. To assist with the hiring of the Human Resources Manager, we have attached the following document. Please see Exhibit 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3 and 2. 4) * Implement a five year strategic syllabus This should include the Goal settingtheory whi ch involves establishingspecific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely (S. M. A. R. T) objectives. Work on the theory of goal-setting suggests that its an effective tool for making progress by ensuring that participants in a group with a common goal are clearly aware of what is expected from them if an objective is to be achieved. Delegation of work A General Manager should be chosen with the overall responsible for the day to running and they would report directly to Ms. Holford. In addition specific supervisors for the various departments should be put in place to oversee the running of those departments. Training should also be organized for all supervisors. The supervisors are a direct link among management and the workers. (Please refer to Exhibit 3. 0). * Communication has to become a two way process and allow for feedback from the workers. Ms.Holford must spend time with key supervisors and staff and learn the business, while also truly learn about the staff. She sh ould form a committee of Management from among the key stakeholders in the Company. The Supervisors should be able to snuff it any new production and sales targets to their teams directly. * Goals / Targets Production and Sales targets should be set and the targets should be known to all members of staff. The overall goals of the company should be clearly stated and ensure that the operation of each department coincides with the overall goals of the organization.Sales records for the past five years should be analyzed so as to pick up on trends and a comparison done with a company in a similar market. For instance sales maybe tied in to the pop of the school year where for obvious reasons they will be at their highest. This research would aid in the setting of the targets and goals and also identify reasons for drops in sales at particular times. * Production Levels The workers have been doing the same jobs since inception.New technology may be available to increase the efficien cy of some processes and the training of workers in the use of new technology or processes to increase productivity and overall job efficiency. * Staff Morale Despite receiving annual wage increases the employees still appear unhappy and are unwilling to improve production. Ms. Holford should pay attention to what the needs of the workers are. Look at improving the working environment, staff relations. Incentive schemes can be devised to encourage workers to dumbfound more and build up their morale. CONCLUSIONThe members of our group believe that after thoroughly analyzing the main issues of the company, and implementation of the recommendations stated would improve the daily operations and production at the One Stop Production. However it should be noted that these recommendations have to be implemented overtime and the changing process should be a gradual one as from the case it appears that the employees are very resistant to sudden change. It should be gradually incorporated i nto the activities and employees should be clearly shown the importance of it to the company and also the benefits that can be reaped through their assistance.BIBLOGRAPHY Kotter, John P. John P Kotter on what leaders really do Harvard Business Press, 1999 Robbins, SP. Coulter, M. Management. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc. , 2007 Robbins, SP. Judge, TA. Organisational Behavior Thirteen ed. stop number Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2008 Robbins, Stephen P. and Judge, Timothy A. Organisational Behaviour. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc, 2009 Mullins, Laurie J, Management and Organisational Behaviour 8th Ed, p. 382 www. businessdictionary. com Barbados Institute of Management and Productivity Course Manual 2012

The Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation

When you watch any movie, TV show or docudrama on mankind War Two, there is one quote that you hear in almost all(prenominal) single one of them. This whileless and moving quote is a date that will live in infamy. This was the opening line said by Franklin D Roosevelt in his National address the day after contendd the attack on Pearl Harbor. It is one of the most replayed and well known speeches in American biography. It was the proclamation of war against the Empire of Japan and entered the United States into one of the greatest wars it would take part in.Franklin D Roosevelt uses pathos, ethos and give-and-take to deliver a resounding speech for the declaration of war and the entrance of the United States in to World War Two. He essentially assigns a third of the speech to each one of these rhetorical verbalize tools. The speech was given at 1230 p. m. on December 8th 1941 to a critical point session of congress and was broadcast over radio and television. It was key for the president to get the people as a whole for the war and united for the cause.He wanted to arouse as many bullocky emotions from the people as possible. Luckily for him this was very easy to accomplish. At ever soy point in history the American people have exploded with outrage at every deceitful military play ever used by another nation or people against America. The populace becomes very move to take the fight to the enemy to uphold core American values such as nationalism and justice. A prime example of this was the sinking of the U. S. S. Maine. The ship was unexpectedly sunk by Spaniards in the capital of Cuba harbor of Cuba.This event is considered the precipitating event of the Spanish-American war. He plays upon the pile in the same way that the Americans did with this guinea pig back in 1898. He portrays America as a purely passive victim done his diction in the portion of the speech. FDR mentions multiple times that America and Japan still had ongoing heartsease talks and that the attack was completely unprovoked. He elegantly uses Pathos at the throughout his speech and sincerely harps on Americas emotions about the event.After Franklin D Roosevelt talks about the surprise attack upon Pearl harbor, he goes on to list all of the other military advances Japan made shortly afterwards. This list of attacks is viewed as him trying to convince the American people wherefore it is logical and necessary for their country to go to war with this aggressive nation. He lists islands all across the pacific and under American control. Each statement is fragmented and kept to the point, followed a pause to let each one individually sink in.He says when each attack happened and where. This is a particularly ominous portion of the speech, and was expertly done by the president. Logical explanations are very important to the American people and are the primary basis of why we do what we do. In the last part of the speech Franklin D Roosevelt makes an eff ort to talk about the character of the American people. Our countries moral philosophy and moral values are the staple of our nation and the reason our people are willing to do everything necessary to preserve and protect it.This acknowledgment of the American ethos is a testament to the greatness of this country and why the war must be fought and will be won. But the biggest portrayal of this ethics and patriotism shown by Roosevelt is unbeknownst to most Americans at this time. The president had polio early in his life, and was paralyzed from the waist down, exactly he refused to let the American people know this. When he gave the speech he walked up to the tree stump and stood tall.This is a perfect example of the determination of the American heart to never let bad circumstances stop someone from what they must do. I consider this one of the most important and powerful speeches ever given on American soil. It speaks to every true Americans heart through patriotism and moral f iber. Franklin D Roosevelt delivered the speech fantastically and ignited a war engine within the United States that was unparalleled at the time. This speech is still a powerful symbol today of a great and shaping time of our country and its people.

Ban Cell Phones While Driving

Ban Cell squalls bandage Driving Almost every Ameri preserve has one. Some deal subroutine them strictly for business patch others strictly for leisure. approximately of us make use of them for both. They ar always at our side ready to be answered, receive textual matter messages, check email, or update our Facebook status. Cell visits be get under ones skin almost become a indispensability in society. People regularly engage in a wide variety of multitasking activities when they are can the wheel. Data from the 2000 U. S. census indicates that drivers spend an average of 25. min each day commuting to work, and there is a growing interest in trying to make the fourth dimension spent on the roadway more(prenominal) productive (Reschovsky, 2004). Unfortunately, this leads to drivers being distracted on the road. I was a victim of an accident caused by a distracted driver on the tele name. I was in a super aciding lot about to park and a woman backed into me era she was talking on the phone. She profusely apo poundized and said she didnt live me. It wasnt that she couldnt see me she wasnt paying attention because she was on the phone. Luckily, no one was woe and there was minimal damage to my car.Its just annoying and disheartening that bulk can be so careless. Cellphone use spell driving needs to be banned in say to protect drivers and pedestrians alike. This isnt just my personal opinion on the matter. The National Transportation prophylactic shape up (NTSB) recommends that states toban drivers from any non-emergency use of cell phones and other electronic cheats that arent built into their automobile (Alhers, 2011). It also cal call for on wireless companies to create technology that would disable the functions of these portable electronic devices within reach of the driver when a vehicle is in motion (Alhers, 2011).The recommendation came out of an investigation of a 2010 pickup truck-school bus pileup in Missouri last year that killed two people and injured 35. The investigation found that the pickup driver who caused the accident sent 11 text messages in the 11 minutes leading up to the accident, including some just before impact. The NTSB lacks the authority to impose regulations, but its safety recommendations are highly regarded and have led to many state and federal laws and regulations (NTSB 2011). On Oct. , 2009, President Barack Obama issued an executive order forbidding the use of text messaging eyepatch driving for federal government employees on official business or while using government-supplied equipment. He said, text messaging causes drivers to take their eyes off the road and at to the lowest degree one hand off the steering wheel, endangering both themselves and others (Obama, 2009). Texting while driving is banned in 37 states and the District of Columbia. 30 states ban exclusively cell phone use for beginning drivers.Ten states prohibit all hold cell phone use while driving however, no states currently ban the use of hands-free phones while driving. Most people dont put Blue as well asth or Sync in their cars anyway because its too expensive. Talking on the phone, hands-free or non, puts the drivers focus on the conversation and not what is departure on around them. Its impossible to accurately gauge how many car accidents nationwide are cell-phone related, but according to the Department of Transportation, distracted driving killed 3,092 people in the United States in 2010. David L.Strayer, a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Utah, stated the following in their Summer 2006 pick out comparing cell-phone use and intoxication while driving It is now well established that cell phone use impairs the driving performance of younger adults. For example, drivers are more probable to miss critical commerce signals (traffic write downs, a vehicle braking in front of the driver, etc. ), slower to respond to the signals that they do detect, and more likely to be involved in rear-end encounters when they are conversing on a cell phone.In addition, even when participants direct their gaze at objects in the driving environment, they often fail to see them when they are talking on a cell phone because attention has been directed away from the external environment and toward an internal, cognitive context associated with the phone conversation (p. 382) Strayer and his colleagues, with respect to traffic safety, found that the impairments associated with cell phone drivers may be as great as those comm except notice with intoxicated drivers.The National Highway Traffic Safety governing body (NHTSA) and the Ad Council have launched the new Stop the Texts. Stop the Wrecks. This is a state-supported service advertising public service announcement campaign nationwide. All of the PSAs direct audiences to StopTextsStopWrecks. org, a new campaign website where teens and young adults can find facts about the impact of texting wh ile driving, and tips for how to curb the behavior. The website also has an area where individuals can post and fortune their solutions to stop texting and driving on Facebook.The NHTSA also reported that pilot projects in Syracuse, New York, and Hartford, Connecticut, produced significant reductions in distracted driving by combining stepped-up taging with these high-profile public education campaigns. Before and after each enforcement wave, NHTSA researchers observed cellphone use by drivers and conducted surveys at drivers license offices in the two cities. They found that in Syracuse, hand-held cellphone use and texting declined by a third. In Hartford, there was a 57 percent exhaust in hand-held phone use, and texting behind the wheel dropped by nearly three-quarters (Wellenbach, 2011).There are many arguments against banning cell phone use infringes on the personal rights of motorists. Receiving a cell phone traffic ticket may negatively reflect on your driver record and can increase your insurance premiums. Those distant to the ban feel its impossible to enforce because a police officer can drift a driver for texting someone when they are really changing a song on their MP3 player. other counterargument is that holding a conversation on a cell phone while driving is no more distracting than being engaged with a passenger or rowdy kids in the back seat, eat fast food or messing around with the radio.Motorists know that using a cell phone while driving is distracting and should refrain from doing so. Another argument against banning cell phones is the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Most GPSs displays three-dimensional renderings of virtual surroundings. At least 10 states that ban texting while driving supply some type of service that give ups motorists to get information about traffic tie-ups, road conditions or emergencies via chitter (DeMillo, 2009). There is also an argument to implement hands free devices in all motor vehicles.Enfo rcing such advanced technology to be built would be extremely expensive. This technology, built-in speaker phones or no use of cell phone if driving over 30 miles per hour is not sordid. It is not cheap for the manufacturers or for the customers. The average prices of cars would rise, and if there are be technical errors, it would cost more to repair the car. consent that the United States did enforce this law upon manufacturers in their country. What if someone drove to the United States from neighbor countries, where cars are not equipped with this technology?Should those drivers from the neighbor countries, then, be allowed to use cell phones? No. The best thing to do is having a strict law, banning cellphone while driving until such advanced equipment in cars becomes grassroots technology, and fairly priced. In a survey I conducted revealed that 80% of drivers between the ages of 16 to 24 use a cell phone while driving. 90% percent of 16 to 24 year olds have been on the road and noticed drivers swerving and talking/texting on the phone while driving. My research indicates that only 20% of drivers 55 and over admitted they use a cell phone while driving.This shows that younger people are more at risk to be involved in some sort of collision or accident. The last interrogatory of the survey was have you ever been at a red light and have someone honked at you while you were at a red light looking at phone? Even though the survey was anonymous I dont think people wanted to admit that this has happened to them. Only 40% of all who took the survey answered yes to this question. I think if had a larger survey pool my information would have supported my argument further. Here is a graph of the results of the question Have you used a cell phone while drivingSeveral technology start-ups depart release new products for phones that can detect when a car is in motion and automatically log incoming calls and texts much as a personal assistant would. All the produ cts have provisions that allow both incoming and outgoing calls during emergencies. The following products are services available to reduce driver distraction. The archetypal one is Key2SafeDriving. Parents can set up a password-protected profile that wont allow calls or texts when a Bluetooth device detects that the car is in motion. Next, there is Aegis Mobility Drive Assist.This is downloaded software will use a phones GPS to teach whether it is in a moving vehicle, then log incoming calls and texts, and respond with a message that youre driving. And ultimately the least restrictive of these three products, ZoomSafer, is downloadable software that lets you dictate text messages and updates to loving-networking sites while youre driving (Cruz 2009). This is similar to the talk-to-text computer programme that my Droid phone has. I have tried to use it while driving and it hasnt been too successful. I have to push a button that records what I want to say and then listens. The m ajority of the time the words are totally wrong and Im more distracted because I have to go back and delete everything. I know technology will evolve and create a safe way to communicate while operating a vehicle. The evidence from studies showing the negative effect of cellphone use while driving is overwhelming. People need to be less concerned with emails, social networks, and texting and be more focused on the road. There is no simple solution to get everyone to add up or follow the rules if such as ban was put into action.It will take a great time to give up their right of cellphone privileges, but the outcome is worth the sacrifice. References Ahlers, Mike. (2011, December 13). NTSB recommends encompassing ban on use of cell phones while driving. Cable News Network. Retrieved from http//articles. cnn. com/2011-12-13/us/us_ntsb-c ell-phone-ban_1_smart-phones-texting-pickup-truck-driver? _s=PMUS Cruz, Gilbert. (2009, August 24). Distracted Driving Should Talking, Texting Be Banned? Time Magazine. Retrieved from http//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1916291-1,00. hypertext mark-up language DeMillo, A. (2009, Sept 19).Mixed Messages on Texting and Driving. Retrieved from Associated Press and Fox News website http//www. fox intelligence. com/us/2009/09/19/states-send-mixed-message-texting-driving/ National Transportation Safety Board. (2011). No call, no text, no update behind the wheel NTSB calls for nationwide ban on PEDs while driving Press release. Retrieved from http//www. ntsb. gov/news/2011/111213. html Obama, Barack. (2009, October 1). Executive Order 15313. Retrieved from http//www. whitehouse. gov/the-press-office/executive-order-federal-leadership-reducing-text-messaging-while-driving Strayer, D.L. & Drews, F. A. (2006). A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 381391. Reschovsky, C. (2004). Journey to work 2000, Census 2000 brief. Retrieved May 19, 2012 from http//www. census. gov/prod/2004 pubs/c2kbr-33. pdf Wellenbach, P. (2011, Dec. 8) much American drivers are texting while driving despite additional legal measures. New York Daily News. Retrieved from http//www. nydailynews. com/news/national/american-drivers-texting-driving-additional-legal-measures-article-1. 988991commentpostform

The Efficacy of Malunggay

Chapter I Introduction A. Background of the Study Malunggay is a popular bring that is dubbed miracle tree or natures medicine cabinet by scientists and health care workers cosmopolitan because of its proven nutritional benefits as well as, reported medical properties. In the Philippines Malunggay is widely cultivated and bed be found in the fannyyard of many Filipino homes. It is a low-maintenance plant. It can grow in more or less any kind of soil and is drought resistant. The Malunggays main values are as source of nutrients.Its medicative properties are limited and mostly unproven. It also helps to control blood pressure, relieves headaches and migraines. Blood clotting, or coagulation, is an important surgical operation that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins in your plasma (the pellucid fracture of blood) work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot over the injury. Typically, your trunk wi ll naturally dissolve the blood clot after the injury has healed.Sometimes, however, clots form on the deep down of vessels without an obvious injury or do not dissolve naturally. These situations can be dangerous and pick out accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Clots can occur in veins or arteries, which are vessels that are part of the bodys circulatory system. While both types of vessels help transport blood throughout the body, they all(prenominal) function differently. Veins are low-pressure vessels that carry deoxygenated blood away from the bodys organs and back to the mettle.An abnormal clot that forms in a vein may restrict the return of blood to the heart and can result in pain and swelling as the blood gathers behind the clot. B. Objectives The study aimed to get back the efficacy of Malunggay leaves (Moringa Oleifera) leaves extract in increasing the platelet count of albino mice. Specifically, it aimed to compare the platelet counts of these mice given do ses of the plant extract before and after the treatments. C. Hypothesis The study is guided by the following hypothesesNull That Malunggay leaves (Moringa Oleifera) decoction is as significant as the control in increasing the platelet count of albino mice. Alternative There is a significant difference of the Malunggay leaves (Moringa Oleifera) and the control in increasing the platelet count of the albino mice. D. Significance of the study (talk on how Malunggay can increase the platelet count) E. Scope and limitation The scope of the study is limited to the extraction of Malunggay leaves and presidential term of the extract in mice in different doses. The platelet is the main blood cell under investigation.

American Literature Essay

When the English pr apieceer and writer Sidney Smith postulateed in 1820, In the iv qu frauders of the globe, who reads an Ameri hatful book? little did he suspect that less than two hundred eld later the answer in lit eonte quarters would be just round every peerless. Indeed, just a few years after Smith posed his inflammatory chief, the American writer Samuel Knapp would begin to alternate wizard of the first histories of American belles-lettres as spark off of a lecture series that he was giving.The course satisfyings offered by American Passages continue in the tradition begun by Knapp in 1829. One ending of this account Guide is to help you learn to be a literary historian that is, to introduce you to American literature as it has evolved over conviction and to stimulate you to bring on up connections between and among texts. Like a literary historian, when you make these connections you be telling a story the story of how American literature came into being .This Overview outlines four paths (there atomic number 18 many others) by which you can narrate the story of American literature one based on literary movements and historic change, one based on the American Passages Overview Questions, one based on circumstances, and one based on multi heathenism. TELLING THE STORY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Literary Movements and Historical Change American Passages is organized around sixteen literary movements or units. A literary movement c infixs around a group of authors that shargon certain stylistic and thematic concerns.Each unit includes ten authors that are delineate either in The Norton Anthology of American Literature or in the Online Archive. Two to four of these authors are discussed in the video, which calls attention to important historical and ethnical influences on these authors, defines a genre that they share, and proposes some key thematic parallels. Tracking literary movements can help you chat how American literature has cha nged and evolved over time. In universal, quite a little think about literary movements as reacting against ear liver modes of writing and earlier movements. For T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O FA M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E 3 example, just as modernism (Units 1013) is often calculaten as a reticuloendothelial systemolution to realism and the Gilded Age (Unit 9), so Romanticism is seen as a response to the profundity (Unit 4). untold or less of the units focus on one era (see the chart below), but they will often include pertinent authors from other eras to help draw out the connections and differences. (Note The movements in parentheses are not limited to authors/ whole caboodle from the era in question, but they do cover some material from it. ) Century Fifteenth S til nowteenth eighteenth Era Renaissance American Passages Literary Movements.(1 Native Voices) 2 Exploring Borderlands 3 Utopian Promise (3 Utopian Promise) 4 Spirit of patriotism (7 slavery and Freed om) 4 Spirit of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 6 Gothic Undercurrents 7 Slavery and Freedom (1 Native Voices) 6 Gothic Undercurrents 8 Regional naive realism 9 friendly Realism (1 Native Voices) 10 Rhythms in poesy 11 Modernist Portraits 12 migrator dispute 13 Southern Renaissance 1 Native Voices 2 Exploring Borderlands 12 unsettled Struggle 14 sightly circumpolar 15 verse line of sackful 16 wait for identity Enlightenment Nineteenth Romanticist Nineteenth RealistTwentieth Modernist Twentieth Postmodernist Each unit contains a timeline of historical events along with the dates of key literary texts by the movements authors. These timelines are designed to help you make connections between and among the movements, eras, and authors covered in each unit. 4 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? Overview Questions The Overview Questions at the start of each unit are tailored from the five American Passages Overview Questions that follow. They are meant to help you fo cus your viewing and rendition and participate in raillery afterward. 1. What is an American?How does literature reach conceptions of the American convey and American individuation? This two-part question should trigger discussion about issues such as, Who belongs to America? When and how does one become an American? How has the appear for identity among American writers changed over time? It can similarly set ahead discussion about the ship canal in which immigration, colonization, conquest, youth, race, class, and sexuality affect democracyal identity. 2. What is American literature? What are the distinctive voices and styles in American literature? How do mixer and political issues influence the American canon?This multi-part question should instigate discussion about the aesthetics and reception of American literature. What is a masterpiece? When is something considered literature, and how is this category culturally and historically parasitic? How has the canon of A merican literature changed and why? How contrive American writers utilise language to create art and meaning? What does literature do? This question can also raise the issue of American exceptionalism Is American literature different from the literature of other nations? 3. How do place and time shape the authors croaks and our judgment of them?This question addresses America as a location and the many ways in which place impacts American literatures form and content. It can provoke discussion about how regionalism, geography, immigration, the frontier, and borders impact American literature, as well as the role of the vernacular in indicating place. 4. What characteristics of a literary lop beget do it prestigious over time? This question can be used to spark discussion about the evolving impact of various pieces of American literature and about how American writers used language both to create art and respond to and call for change.What is the individuals responsibility to uphold the communitys traditions, and when are individuals compelled to resist them? What is the relationship between the individual and the community? 5. How are American myths created, challenged, and re-imagined through this literature? This question returns to What is an American? But it poses the question at a cultural rather than individual level. What are the myths that make up American refining? What is the American Dream? What are American myths, dreams, and nightmares? How have these changed over time? T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O F A M E R I C A NL I T E R AT U R E 5 Contexts Another way that connections can be make across and between authors is through the five Contexts in each unit three longer veget fit marrow Contexts and two shorter Extended Contexts. The goal of the Contexts is both to help you read American literature in its cultural pratground and to teach you close-reading skills. Each Context consists of a brief news report about an event, trend, or in tellect that had specific resonance for the writers in the unit as well as Americans of their era questions that connect the Context to the authors in the unit and a list of related texts and images in the Online Archive.Examples of Contexts include discussions of the concept of the Apocalypse (3 Utopian Visions), the sumptuous (4 Spirit of Nationalism), and baseball (14 get subgross). The Contexts can be used in conjunction with an author or as stand-alone activities. The Slide Show Tool on the meshwork site is ideal for doing assignments that draw connections between archive items from a Context and a text you have read. And you can create your own contexts and activities using the Slide Show Tool these materials can then be e-mailed, viewed online, projected, or printed out on overhead transparencies.Multiculturalism In the past twenty years, the field of American literature has undergone a radical transformation. Just as the mainstream public has begun to apprehend America as more diverse, so, too, have scholars moved to integrate more texts by women and ethnic minorities into the standard canon of literature taught and studied. These changes can be both exhilarating and disconcerting, as the breadth of American literature appears to be al roughly limitless.Each of the videos and units has been conservatively balanced to pair canonical and noncanonical voices. You whitethorn break it helpful, however, to trace the development of American literature declare to the rise of different ethnic and minority literatures. The following chart is designed to highlight which literatures are represent in the videos and the units. As the chart indicates, we have set different multicultural literatures in dialogue with one some other. Literature African American literature Video Representation7 Slavery and Freedom 8 Regional Realism 10 Rhythms in Poetry 13 Southern Renaissance 14 Becoming distinct 15 Poetry of electric arc Study Guide Representation 4 Spiri t of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 7 Slavery and Freedom 8 Regional Realism 9 Social Realism 10 Rhythms in Poetry 11 Modernist Portraits 13 Southern Renaissance 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 chase for individuation 6 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? Native American literature 1 Native Voices 5 Masculine Heroes 14 Becoming Visible1 Native Voices 2 Exploring Borderlands 3 Utopian Promise 4 Spirit of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 7 Slavery and Freedom 8 Regional Realism 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for identity operator 2 Exploring Borderlands 5 Masculine Heroes 10 Rhythms in Poetry 12 Migrant Struggle 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity 9 Social Realism 12 Migrant Struggle 16 Search for Identity 9 Social Realism 11 Modernist Portraits 14Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity 1 Native Voices 2 Exploring Borderlands 3 Utopian Promise 4 Spirit of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 6 Gothic Under currents 7 Slavery and Freedom 8 Regional Realism 9 Social Realism 10 Rhythms in Poetry 11 Modernist Portraits 12Migrant Struggle 13 Southern Renaissance 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity 2 Exploring Borderlands 5 Masculine Heroes 10 Rhythms in Poetry 11 Modernist Portraits 12 Migrant Struggle 13 Southern Renaissance 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity Latino literature 2 Exploring Borderlands 10 Rhythms in Poetry 12 Migrant Struggle 16 Search for Identity Asian American literature 12Migrant Struggle 16 Search for Identity Jewish American 9 Social Realism literature 11 Modernist Portraits 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity Womens literature 1 Native Voices 2 Exploring Borderlands 3 Utopian Promise 6Gothic Undercurrents 7 Slavery and Freedom 8 Regional Realism 9 Social Realism 11 Modernist Portraits 12 Migrant Struggle 13 Southern Renaissance 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity Gay and lesbian literature 2 Exploring Borderlands 5 Masculine Heroes 10 Rhythms in Poetry 11 Modernist Portraits 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity T E L L I N G T H E S T O R Y O F A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E 7 Literature contd Working-class literature Video Representation 2 Exploring Borderlands 4 Spirit of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 7 Slavery and Freedom 9 Social Realism 12 Migrant Struggle 16 Search for IdentityStudy Guide Representation 2 Exploring Borderlands 4 Spirit of Nationalism 5 Masculine Heroes 7 Slavery and Freedom 9 Social Realism 10 Rhythms in Poetry 12 Migrant Struggle 14 Becoming Visible 15 Poetry of Liberation 16 Search for Identity LITERATURE IN ITS CULTURAL CONTEXT When you tuition American literature in its cultural context, you enter a multidisciplined and multi-voiced conversation where scholars and critics in different fields examine the same topic but involve very different questions about it. For example, how exponent a literary critics intellectual of nineteenthcentury American culture compare to that of a historian of the same era?How can an art historians understanding of popular visual metaphors enrich our readings of literature? The materials presented in this section of the Study Guide subscribe to to help you enter that conversation. Below are some suggestions on how to begin. Deep in the heart of the Vatican Museum is an groovy marble statue from first- or second-century Rome.Over seven feet high, the statue depicts a video from Virgils Aeneid in which Laocoon and his sons are penalise for warning the Trojans about the Trojan horse. Their bodies are entwined with large, devouring serpents, and Laocoons face is turned upward in a dizzying portraiture of anguish, his muscles rippling and bending beneath the snakes strong coils.The emotion in the statue captured the heart and eye of critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, who used the work as the starting point for his seminal screen on the relationship between literature and art, Laocoon An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. For Lessing, one of the most earthy errors that students of culture can make is to assume that all aspects of culture develop in tandem with one another. As Lessing points out, each art has its own strengths.For example, literature kit and boodle well with notions of time and story, and thus is more flexible than visual art in terms of imaginative freedom, whereas painting is a visual culture medium that can reach greater beauty, although it is static. For Lessing, the undulateing of these two modes (temporal and spatial) carries great risk along with rewards.As you study literature in conjunction with any of the fine arts, you may regain it helpful to ask whether you agree with Lessing that literature is primarily a temporal art. Consider too the particular 8 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? strengths of the media discussed below. What do they offer that may not be available to writers? What modes do they use that complement our understanding of the literary arts? Fine Arts Albrecht Durer created some of the most disturbing drawings known to humans they are rife with images of death, the end of the world, and dark creatures that inhabit hell. Images such as The blend Judgement (below) can be ready in the Online Archive.In Knight, Death, and the demigod (1513), a devout Christian knight is taunted by the Devil and Death, who gleefully shakes a quickly depleting hourglass, mocking the soldier with the passing of time. Perhaps the tension and anxiety in Durers print resonated with the American poet Randall Jarrell in his struggle with mental illness.In The Knight, Death, and the Devil, Jarrell opens with a exposition of the scene Cowhorn-crowned, shockheaded, cornshucked-bearded, Death is a scarecrowhis deaths-head a teetotum . . . Jarrells description is filled with adjectives in much the same way that the print is crowded with detail. The poem is an ins tance of what critics call ekphrasis the verbal description of a work of visual art, usually of a painting, photograph, or sculpture but sometimes of an urn, tapestry, or quilt.Ekphrasis attempts to bridge the gap between the verbal and the visual arts. Artists and writers have always influenced one another sometimes directly as in the case of Durers drawing and Jarrells poem, and other times indirectly. The Study Guide will help you navigate through these webs of influence. For example, Unit 5 will introduce you to the Hudson River 7995Albrecht Durer, The Last schoolhouse, the great American landscape painters Judgement (1510), courtesy of the of the nineteenth century. In the Context focusprint collection of computerized tomography ing on these artists, you will learn of the interCollege, New London. connectedness of their visual motifs.In Unit 11, William Carlos Williams, whose poems The Dance and landscape painting with the Fall of Icarus were inspired by two paintings by Breu ghel, will draw your attention to the use of ekphrasis. Williamss work is a significant example of how multiple traditions in art can influence a writer in addition to his interest in European art, Williams imitated Chinese landscapes and poetic forms.When you encounter works of fine art, such as paintings, photographs, or sculpture, in the Online Archive or the Study Guide, you may find two tools used by art historians helpful formal synopsis and iconography. Formal L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 9 3694doubting Thomas Cole, The locomote of Kaaterskill (1826), courtesy of the Warner compendium of the Gulf States Paper Corporation, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. analysis, like close readings of poems, seeks to describe the disposition of the object without reference to the context in which it was created. A formal analysis addresses such questions as Where does the central interest in the work lie? How is the work composed and with what materials? How is lighting or shading used?What does the scene depict? What allusions (mythological, religious, artistic) are found in the work? Once you have described the work of art using formal analysis, you may want to extend your reading by calling attention to the cultural climate in which the work was produced. This is called an iconographic reading.Here the Context sections of the Study Guide will be useful. You may notice, for example, a number of nineteenth-century paintings of ships in the Online Archive. One of the Contexts for Unit 6 argues that these ships can be read as symbols for nineteenth-century America, where it was common to refer to the nation as a ship of state. The glowing light or wrecked hulls in the paintings consult the artists jump optimism and pessimism about where the young country was headed. Below are two possible readings of Thomas Coles painting The Falls of Kaaterskill that employ the tools of formal analysis and iconography. W R I T E R A F O R M A L A N A L Y S I SI n this painting by Hudson River School artist Thomas Cole, the go that confront the painting its name grab our attention. The shock of the white falls against the concentrated brightness of the rocks ensures that the waterfall will be the focus of the work. Even amidst this brightness, however, there is darkness and arcanum in the painting, where the falls emerge out of a dark quarry and crash down onto bemused tree limbs and staggered rocks.The descent is neither peaceful nor plain, unlike the presentation of nature in Coles other works, such as the Oxbow. The enormity of the falls compared to the lone human figure that perches preceding(prenominal) them also adds to the sense of power the falls embody.Barely recognizable as human because it is so minute, the figure slake pushes forward as if to embrace the cascade of the water in a painting that explores the tension between the individual and the power of nature. W R I T E R B I C O N O G R A P H Y I agree with Writer A tha t this painting is all about the power of nature, but I would argue that it is about a particular kind of power one that nineteenthcentury thinkers called the sublime. Coles portrait of the falls is oddly indebted to the aesthetic ideas formulated by Edmund dispatch in the eighteenth century. Burke was interested in categorizing aesthetic responses, and he distinguished the sublime from the beautiful. While the beautiful is calm and harmonious, the sublime is majestic, wild, and even savage. While viewers are soothed by the beautiful, they are overwhelmed, awestruck, and sometimes terrified by the sublime. very much associated with huge, overpowering natural 10 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? phenomena like mountains, waterfalls, or thunderstorms, the delightful terror inspired by sublime visions was supposed to both remind viewers of their own insignificance in the face of nature and divinity and inspire them with a sense of transcendence. Here the miniature fig ure is the object of our gaze even as he is obliterated by the grandeur of the water.During the nineteenth century, tourists often visited locales such as the Kaaterskill Falls in order to experience the delightful terror that they brought. This experience is also echoed in Ralph Waldo Emersons audition Nature, in which he writes of his desire to become a transparent eyeball that will be able to absorb the oversoul that surrounds him. The power that nature holds here is that of the divine nature is one way we can experience higher realms. How do these readings differ? Which do you find more compelling and why? What uses can you see for formal analysis or iconographic readings?When might you choose one of these strategies over the other? HistoryAs historian Ray Kierstead has pointed out, history is not just one damn thing after another rather, history is a way of telling stories about time or, some might say, making an statement about time. The Greek historian Herodotus is often ca lled the father of history in the western world, as he was one of the first historians to notice conventionalisms in world events.Herodotus saw that the course of pudding stones followed a cyclical pattern of rise and fall as one empire reaches its peak and self-destructs out of hubris (excessive pride), a new empire or new nations will be born to take its place. Thomas Coles five-part series The Course of Empire (1833) mirrors this Herodotean notion of time as his scene moves from savage, to pastoral, to consummation, to devastation, to desolation.This vision of time has been tremendously influential in literature whenever you read a work written in the pastoral mode (literature that lifes back with nostalgia to an era of rural life, lost s connotativey, and a time when nature and culture were one), ask yourself whether there is an implicit optimism or pessimism about what follows this lost rural ideal. For example, in Herman Melvilles South Sea novel Typee, we find the narrator in a Tahitian village.He seeks to determine if he has entered a pastoral or savage setting is he surrounded by savages, or is he plunged in a pastoral bliss? Implicit in both is a suggestion that there are earlier forms of refinement than the United States that the narrator has left behind. Any structural analysis of a work of literature (an analysis that pays attention to how a work is ordered) would do well to consider what notions of history are imbed inside.In addition to the structural significance of history, a dialogue between history and literature is crucial because much of the early literature of the United States can also be categorized as historical documents. It is helpful, therefore, to understand the genres of history. Like literature, history is comprised of different genres, or modes. Historian Elizabeth Boone defines the main traditional genres of history as res gestae, geographicalal, and annals. Res gestae, or deeds done, organizes history through a list of a ccomplishments. This was a popu- L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 11 lar form of history for the ancient Greeks and Romans for example, the biography of Julius Caesar chronicles his deeds, narrated in the third person.When Hernan Cortes and other explorers wrote accounts of their travels (often in the form of letters to the emperor), Caesars autobiography served as their model. geographic histories use travel through space to shape the narrative Mary Rowlandsons captivity narrative is an example of a geographical history in that it follows her through a sequence of twenty geographic removes into Indian country and back. Annals, by contrast, use time as the organizing principle.Information is catalogued by year or month. Diaries and journals are a good example of this genre. These three genres can also be found in the histories of the Aztecs and Mayans of Mesoamerica and in those of the native communities of the United States and Canada.For example, the migr ation legend, a popular indigenous form of history, is a geographical history, whereas slicker tales often tell the early history of the world through a series of deeds. Memoirists also mix genres for example, the first section of William Bradfords Of Plimouth Plantation is a geographical history, whereas the second half is annals.Today the most common historical genres are intellectual history (the history of ideas), political history (the story of leaders), and diplomatic history (the history of foreign relations). To these categories we might add the newer categories of social history (a history of everyday life) and gender history (which focuses on the construction of gender roles).Finally, history is a crucial tool for understanding literature because literature is written inand arguably often reflectsa specific historical context. Readers of literary works can deepen their understanding by drawing on the tools of history, that is, the records lot leave behind political (or literary) documents, town records, census data, newspaper stories, captivity narratives, letters, journals, diaries, and the like.Even such objects as tools, graveyards, or trading goods can tell us important discipline about the nature of everyday life for a community, how it hero-worship or what it thought of the relationship between life and death. 12 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? material coating 6332Archibald Gunn and Richard Felton Outcault, New York Journals Colored Comic Supplement (1896), courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division LC-USZC4-25531. When you look at an object, it may call up associations from the past.For example, for the first-time viewer the clown figure in the image above may seem innocuous, yet at the end of the nineteenth century his popularity was so intense that it started a newspaper war fierce enough to spawn a whole new term for sensationalist, peremptory journalismyellow journalism. Objects such as t his comic supplement constitute material culture, the objects of everyday life.In Material Culture Studies in America, Thomas Schlereth provides the following useful definition of material culture Material culture can be considered to be the totality of artifacts in a culture, the vast universe of objects used by humankind to cope with the physical world, to facilitate social intercourse, to delight our fancy, and to create symbols of meaning. . . .Leland Ferguson argues that material culture includes all the things that people leave behind . . . all of the things people make from the physical world put forward tools, ceramics, houses, furniture, toys, buttons, roads, cities. (2) When we study material culture in conjunction with literature, we wed two notions of culture and explore how they relate.As critic John Storey notes, the first notion of culture is what is often called high culturethe general process of intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic factors and the second is lived culturethe particular way of life, whether of a people, a plosive consonant or a group (2). In a sense, material culture (as the objects of a lived culture) allows us to see how the prevailing intellectual ideas were played out in the daily lives of people in a particular era.Thus, as Schlereth explains, through studying material culture we can learn about the belief systemsthe values, ideas, attitudes, and assumptionsof a particular community or society, usually across time (3). In reading objects as embedded with meaning, we follow Schlereths premise that objects made or L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 13modified by humans, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, reflect the belief patterns of individuals who made, commissioned, purchased, or used them, and, by extension, the belief patterns of the larger society of which they are a part (3). The study of material culture, then, can help us better understand the cultures that produced and c onsumed the literature we read today. Thomas Schlereth suggests a number of useful models for studying material culture his Art History Paradigm is particularly noteworthy in that it will help you approach works of high art, such as paintings and sculptures, as well. The Art History Paradigm argues that the interpretive objective of examining the artifact is to depict the historical development and internal merit of it.If you are interested in writing an Art History Paradigm reading of material culture, you might look at an object and ask yourself the following questions, taken from Sylvan Barnets all of a sudden Guide to Writing about Art. These questions apply to any art object First, we need to know information about the artifact so we can place it in a historical context.You might ask yourself 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is my first response to the work? When and where was the work made? Where would the work originally have been seen? What nominate did the work serve? In what conditi on has the work survived? (Barnet 2122) In addition, if the artifact is a drawing, painting, or advertisement, you might want to ask yourself questions such as these 1.What is the subject matter? What (if anything) is happening? 2. If the picture is a portrait, how do the furnishings and the background and the angle of the head or the posture of the head and body (as well as the facial nerve expression) contribute to our sense of the subjects character? 3. If the picture is a still life, does it suggest sumptuousness or want? 4. In a landscape, what is the relation between human beings and nature? Are the figures at ease in nature, or are they dwarfed by it? Are they one with the horizon, or (because the viewpoint is low) do they stand out against the horizon and perhaps seem in touch with the heavens, or at to the lowest degree with open air?If there are woods, are these woods threatening, or are they an inviting place of guard? If there is a clearing, is the clearing a vulnerab le place or is it a place of resort from ominous woods? Do the natural objects in the landscape somehow reflect the emotions of the figures? (Barnet 2223 for more questions, see pp. 2324) Material culture is a rich and varied resource that ranges from kitchen utensils, to advertisements, to landed estate tools, to clothing. Unpacking the significance of objects that appear in the stories and poems you read may help you better understand characters and their motives. 14 W H AT I S A M E R I C A N L I T E R AT U R E ? Architecture.Most of the time we read the hidden meanings of expressions without even thinking twice. Consider the buildings below supra 9089 Anonymous, Capitol Building at Washington, D. C. (1906), courtesy of Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress LC-USZ62-121528.Right 6889 Anonymous, Facade of the Sam Wahs Chinese Laundry (c. 1890 1900), courtesy of the Denver Public Library. Even if we had never seen either of these buildings before, it would not tak e us long to determine which was a government building and which was a smalltown retail establishment. Our having seen thousands of buildings enables us to understand the purpose of a building from architectural clues.When first seeing a work of architecture, it is helpful to unpack cultural assumptions. You might ask 1. What is the purpose of this building? Is it public or private? What activities take place within it? 2. What features of the building reflect this purpose? Which of these features are necessary and which are merely conventional?3. What buildings or building styles does this building allude to? What values are inherent in that allusion? 4. What parts of this building are in the main decorative rather than functional? What does the ornament or lack of it say about the status of the owners or the people who work there? 5. What buildings surround this building?How do they affect the way the building is entered? 6. What types of people live or work in this building? How do they interact within the space? What do these findings say about the relative social status of the occupants? How does the building design restrict or encourage that status? 7. How are people supposed to enter and move through the building? What clues does the building give as to how this movement should take place? L I T E R AT U R E I N I T S C U LT U R A L C O N T E X T 15These questions imply two basic assumptions about architecture (1) architecture reflects and helps establish social status and social relations and (2) architecture